Fuel cell system containing anode tail gas oxidizer and hybrid heat exchanger/reformer

ABSTRACT

A fuel cell system includes at least one fuel cell stack, a fuel inlet conduit, and a fuel heat exchanger containing a fuel reformation catalyst. The fuel heat exchanger is connected to the fuel inlet conduit and to at least one fuel cell system exhaust conduit which in operation provides a high temperature exhaust stream to the fuel heat exchanger. The fuel heat exchanger is thermally integrated with an anode tail gas oxidizer (ATO) exhaust conduit such that in operation an ATO exhaust stream in the ATO exhaust conduit heats a fuel inlet stream passing through the heat exchanger.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

The present application claims benefit of U.S. provisional application 61/064,144, filed Feb. 19, 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The present invention relates generally to the field of fuel cell systems and more particularly to a fuel cell system containing a combined reformer/heat exchanger and method of operating same.

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices which can convert energy stored in fuels to electrical energy with high efficiencies. High temperature fuel cells include solid oxide and molten carbonate fuel cells. These fuel cells may operate using hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon fuels. There are classes of fuel cells, such as the solid oxide regenerative fuel cells, that also allow reversed operation, such that oxidized fuel can be reduced back to unoxidized fuel using electrical energy as an input.

SUMMARY

One embodiment of the invention provides a fuel cell system comprising at least one fuel cell stack, a fuel inlet conduit, and a fuel heat exchanger containing a fuel reformation catalyst. The fuel heat exchanger is connected to the fuel inlet conduit and to at least one fuel cell system exhaust conduit which in operation provides a high temperature exhaust stream to the fuel heat exchanger.

Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of operating fuel cell system, comprising providing a hydrocarbon fuel inlet stream into a fuel heat exchanger containing a fuel reformation catalyst, reforming the hydrocarbon fuel in the fuel heat exchanger, providing a reformed fuel from the fuel heat exchanger into at least one fuel cell stack, and providing at least one exhaust stream from the at least one fuel cell stack into the fuel heat exchanger to exchange heat with the hydrocarbon fuel inlet stream.

Another embodiment of the invention provides a fuel cell system, comprising at least one fuel cell stack, an anode tail gas oxidizer (ATO), an ATO exhaust conduit, and at least one device selected from a fuel heat exchanger, an external reformer, or a fuel heat exchanger containing a fuel reformation catalyst. The at least one device is thermally integrated with the ATO exhaust conduit such that in operation an ATO exhaust stream in the ATO exhaust conduit heats a fuel inlet stream passing through the at least one device.

Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of operating fuel cell system, comprising providing a first fuel inlet stream and an air exhaust stream from a fuel cell stack into an anode tail gas oxidizer (ATO), oxidizing the first fuel inlet stream in the ATO, providing a second fuel inlet stream into the fuel heat exchanger, providing a fuel exhaust stream from a fuel cell stack into the fuel heat exchanger, heating the second fuel inlet stream in the fuel heat exchanger using both the fuel exhaust stream and the ATO exhaust stream, and providing second fuel inlet stream into the fuel cell stack after the step of heating.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a three dimensional cut away view of a fuel cell module of an embodiment of the invention with a shell removed. FIG. 1B is a schematic side cross sectional view of the module of FIG. 1A. FIG. 1C is a top view of the module of FIG. 1A. FIGS. 1D and 1E are top views of the module according to alternative embodiments of the invention. FIG. 1F is a side cross sectional view of a portion of the module according to another alternative embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C are schematic diagrams of the components and fluid flow directions of fuel cell systems of embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a computer simulation of a plot heat exchanger heat duty versus temperature for a heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is schematic diagram of the zones and fluid flow directions of the heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic side cross sectional view of a reformer section of a heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The first embodiment of the invention provides a fuel cell stack module 1 which is illustrated in FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C. The module 1 contains a base 3, which comprises a chamber 5 and a base plate 7 above the chamber 5 which provides an upper surface of the base 3. The base 3 may have a cylindrical shape, with a flat upper surface and a circular cross section, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1C. However, the base 3 may have any other suitable shape, such as a square, rectangular, polygonal, oval or irregular cross section. The base plate 7 may comprise a separate component which is attached to the chamber 5 or the base 3 may comprise a unitary component in which the chamber 5 comprises its interior volume and the base plate 7 comprises its upper surface. As will be described below, one or more heat exchangers 13 can be located inside the chamber 5.

As shown in FIGS. 1A-1C, each fuel cell stack module 1 includes at least one fuel cell stack column 9 (which will be referred herein as a “stack” for simplicity) and an outer shell 11. The shell 11 can have any suitable shape, such as a dome, a covered cylinder (including a cylinder with a flat top cover or a cylinder with a dome shaped cover (which helps to reduce thermal stress)), a cube or a three dimensional rectangle, for covering the stack(s) 9. The shell 11 is shown in FIG. 1B and its location from the top is shown as a dashed line in FIGS. 1C-1E. For example, two or more stacks 9, such as four to twelve stacks 9 may be located under the shell 11. The stacks 9 are preferably stacked vertically under each shell 11. If desired, the vertically stacked fuel cell stacks 9 may be provided in a cascade configuration, where the fuel exhaust stream from one stack is used as the inlet fuel stream for an adjacent stack.

The stacks 9 may comprise any suitable fuel cells. For example, the fuel cells may comprise solid oxide fuel cells having a ceramic oxide electrolyte. Other fuel cell types, such as PEM, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, etc. may also be used. The stacks 9 may comprise externally and/or internally manifolded stacks. For example, the stacks may be internally manifolded for fuel and air with fuel and air risers extending through openings in the fuel cell layers and/or in the interconnect plates between the fuel cells. Alternatively, as shown in FIGS. 1B and 1C, the fuel cells may be internally manifolded for fuel and externally manifolded for air, where only the fuel inlet and exhaust risers extend through openings in the fuel cell layers and/or in the interconnect plates between the fuel cells. The fuel cells may have a cross flow (where air and fuel flow roughly perpendicular to each other on opposite sides of the electrolyte in each fuel cell), counter flow parallel (where air and fuel flow roughly parallel to each other but in opposite directions on opposite sides of the electrolyte in each fuel cell) or co-flow parallel (where air and fuel flow roughly parallel to each other in the same direction on opposite sides of the electrolyte in each fuel cell) configuration. Each stack 9 may have one fuel inlet and outlet, as will be described in more detail below. However, if desired, each stack 9 may have several fuel inlets and outlets along its height. In that case, each stack 9 contains plural sub-stack units (i.e., each stack column 9 contains separate sub-stacks).

As shown in FIGS. 1C, 1D and 1E, the plurality of angularly spaced fuel cell stacks 9 are arranged to form an annular array (i.e., a ring-shaped structure) about a central axis of the module. It should be noted that the term “annular array” is not limited to an array having a circular perimeter, which is shown in FIG. 1D. For example, the array may have a hexagonal or rectangular (square) perimeter, as shown in FIGS. 1C and 1E, respectively. The fuel cell stacks 9 have a stacking direction extending parallel to the central axis of the module 1. Preferably, but not necessarily each of the stacks 9 has a rectangular cross section. The stacks 9 are isolated from each other using ceramic or other insulating spacers. While stacks 9 arranged as an annular array are preferred, any other stack 9 layout which would fit within the shell 11 may be used, such as an arc layout (i.e., a portion of a ring) or a grid layout (e.g. 20 stacks, 4 rows by 5 columns) for example.

The shell 11 may have any suitable configuration. For example, the shell 11 may have a cylindrical configuration. However, the shell 11 may have a polygonal or oval horizontal cross section and/or it may have a tapered rather than flat upper surface. The shell may be made of any suitable thermally insulating or thermally conductive material, such as metal, ceramic, etc.

The stack(s) 9 and the shell 11 are removably positioned or removably connected to an upper surface (such as the base plate 7) of the base 3. Preferably, each fuel cell stack 9 and the shell 11 are separately removably connected to the upper surface 7 of the base 3. In this case, the shell 11 may be easily removed from the upper surface 7 of the base 3 without removing the stack(s) 9 under the shell 11. Alternatively, if the shell 11 contains a door or a hatch, then the stack(s) 9 under the shell 11 may be easily removed through the door or hatch without removing the shell 11.

The term “removably connected” means that the stack(s) 9 and/or the shell 11 are connected to the upper surface 7 of the base 3 in such a way as to be easily removed for repair or servicing. In other words, “removably connected” is an opposite of “permanently connected”. For example, the stacks 9 and/or the shell 11 are removably connected to the upper surface 7 of the base 3 by at least one of a snap fit connection, a tension fit connection, a fastening connection or a slide rail connection. An example of a snap fit connection is a bayonet type connection in which one or more prongs which hold a component in place by hooking into an opening are pressed inward or outward to unhook them from the opening. An example of a tension fit connection is where a component, such as a stack 9 or a shell 11, is pressed into an opening or groove in the surface 7 of the base 3 which has the about same size as the cross section of the stack 9 or the shell 11 such that tension holds the stack or the shell in the opening or groove. An example of a fastening connection is connection by a fastener, such as a bolt or a clip, which can be removed by service personnel. An example of a slide rail connection is a drawer or dove tail type connection, such as a groove in the upper surface 7 of the base 3 into which a protrusion in the stack 9 can be slid into, or a groove in the bottom stack 9 plate into which a protrusion in the upper surface 7 of the base 3 can be slid into. An example of a permanent connection is a welded connection, such as where the shell 11 is welded to the surface 7 of the base.

The stack(s) 9 and the shell 11 can be removably connected using a different type of connection from each other. Furthermore, in an alternative aspect of the invention, the shell 11 may be removably connected to the upper surface 7 of the base 3, while the stack(s) 9 may be non-removably connected to the same surface 7.

Preferably, at least one heat exchanger is located in the interior volume 5 of the base 3. For example, as shown in FIG. 1B, a multi-stream heat exchanger 13 is located in the interior volume 5 of the base 3.

The heat exchanger 13 may comprise a low temperature portion 15 and a high temperature portion 17. The low temperature portion 15 may be made of less expensive, low temperature materials, such as stainless steel, which are not tolerant of very high temperatures. The high temperature portion 17 may be made of more expensive, high temperature materials, such as Inconel or other nickel alloys, which are high temperature tolerant. This configuration decreases the cost of the heat exchanger 13. If desired, one or more intermediate temperature portions made of intermediate temperature tolerant materials may also be provided in the heat exchanger 13.

Any type of heat exchanger may be used, such as a finned plate type of heat exchanger. If desired, the high temperature portion 17 of the heat exchanger may act as a complete or partial external reformer 37 for the fuel cell stacks 9. In this case, all or a portion of fins of the passages of the heat exchanger 13 which carry the fuel inlet stream are coated with a fuel reformation catalyst, such as nickel and/or rhodium for a hydrocarbon fuel, such as natural gas or methane. The external reformer 37 may act as a pre-reformer if the stacks 9 contain fuel cells of the internal reformation type (i.e., fuel cells contain one or more internal surfaces or coatings that are catalytically active for reforming, where the catalyst may comprise a catalyst coating, or using nickel as part of the metal construction of the fuel cell housing and support). For external reformation type fuel cells (i.e., fuel cells which do not contain a fuel reformation catalyst or fuel cells in which the catalyst is part of the metal structure of the cell housing, the catalyst may still be present, but not designed to be used as a catalyst, usually due to degradation of the cells), the reformer 37 acts as the main fuel reformer.

In another alternative embodiment of the invention, separate fuel and air heat exchangers provide heat from the fuel and air exhaust streams, respectively, to fuel and air inlet streams, respectively, as will be described with respect to FIGS. 1F, 2B and 2C below.

As shown in FIGS. 1A-1E, an anode tail gas oxidizer (ATO) 10 is preferably located over the central portion of the base 3 (i.e., on the base plate 7) in a heat transfer relationship with the stacks 9 (i.e., such that heat is transferred by convection and/or radiation between the ATO 10 and the stacks 9). Preferably but not necessarily, the ATO 10 is located in the middle of the annular stack 9 array such that the ATO 10 is surrounded by the stacks 9. However, for stack 9 layouts that do not form a complete ring, such as grid or arc layouts, the ATO 10 may be located adjacent to the stacks or may be partially surrounded by the stacks 9. In an annular or arc array, the ATO is exposed to the radially inward faces of the fuel cell stacks to receive the cathode exhaust stream therefrom. An ATO is a chamber in which the anode (fuel) exhaust from the stacks is oxidized by reaction with an oxidizer stream, such as a reaction of the stack anode (fuel) exhaust stream with the stack cathode (air) exhaust stream. The ATO chamber walls may be coated with a suitable oxidation reaction promoting catalyst, such as nickel. The oxidation reaction releases heat which can be used to heat the stacks 9 and/or to provide a hot ATO exhaust stream into the heat exchanger 13. As shown in FIG. 1B, the ATO 10 may comprise an ATO exterior baffle 12, which is a cylindrical or other suitably shaped wall which is attached to the top of the outer shell 11, but which contains an opening 18 adjacent to the base plate 7 of the base 3 through which the stack cathode (air) exhaust stream passes. The ATO 10 may also comprise an interior baffle 14 which is a cylindrical or other suitably shaped wall which is attached to the base plate 7 but which contains an opening 20 adjacent to the upper surface of the shell 11 through which the anode and cathode exhaust streams pass. The interior baffle 14 is preferably located inside the exterior baffle 12. The interior baffle 14 may also be considered as an annulus for the ATO/cathode exhaust conduit 27. The interior and/or exterior surface of the interior baffle 14 and/or the interior surface of the exterior baffle 12 may be covered with the oxidation promoting catalyst material, which may be coated on optional fins or corrugations 16 located on the surface(s) of the baffle(s) 12, 14. For example, while FIG. 1B shows a two pass ATO (up flow, then down flow), the ATO 10 may have more passes, and the interior baffle 14 may contain perforations. Alternatively, the interior baffle 14 may extend to the top of the shell 11 and only have perforations rather than the opening 20 near the top.

One or more ATO fuel inlet conduit(s) 22 are located in the base plate 7 between the exterior 12 and the interior 14 ATO baffles. The ATO fuel inlet conduits 22 provide the ATO fuel inlet stream between the baffles 12 and 14 where the fuel inlet stream mixes and reacts with the ATO air inlet stream. The ATO fuel inlet stream may comprise one or both of i) a separate fuel inlet stream from the stack fuel inlet stream, such as a natural gas inlet stream, and/or ii) at least a portion of the stack anode exhaust stream that has passed through the heat exchanger 13. Alternatively, the ATO fuel inlet stream may also partially or fully bypass the heat exchanger to keep the inlet temperature limited. The ATO air inlet stream may comprise the stack cathode exhaust stream which flows from the stacks 9 to the ATO 10 under the outer baffle 12, as shown in FIG. 1B, or a fresh air inlet stream (which may or may not be mixed with either of the ATO fuel inlet streams). The ATO fuel inlet stream is oxidized by the ATO air inlet stream (such as the stack cathode exhaust stream or a mixture of the cathode exhaust and the optional fresh air inlet streams]. The ATO exhaust stream (oxidized fuel) is removed from the ATO 10 through the central ATO exhaust conduit 27 located in the base plate 7 in the middle of the interior baffle 14.

As shown in FIGS. 1B and 1C, the base 3 also contains a plurality of fuel inlets 21 which provide a fuel inlet stream to the fuel cell stacks 9, a plurality of fuel exhaust openings 23 which remove the fuel exhaust stream from the stacks 9, a plurality of peripheral air inlets 25 which provide an air (or other oxidizer) inlet stream to the stacks 9, and a central ATO exhaust conduit 27 which removes the air/ATO exhaust stream from the stacks 9. Inlets 21 and 25 and exhaust opening 23 may comprise holes in the base plate 7 and/or pipes which extend through the base plate 7. Thus, in one embodiment of the invention, the stacks 9 are externally manifolded for air and internally manifolded for fuel. The plurality of angularly spaced fuel cell stacks 9 are arranged to form an annular array about a central axis of the module inside the ring-shaped arrangement of the stack air inlets 25.

The module 1 operates as follows. The fuel and air inlet streams are heated in the heat exchanger 13 by the anode exhaust and/or the ATO exhaust streams, as will be described in more detail below. The fuel inlet stream is provided upwards and internally into the stacks 9 through the respective fuel inlets 21 for each stack from below. The anode (fuel) exhaust stream from the stacks 9 is provided downwards and internally through the stacks and is removed through the respective fuel exhaust openings 23 into the heat exchanger 13 located in the base 3.

As shown by the arrows in FIG. 1B, the stack air inlet stream is provided under the shell 11 through the base plate 7 through inlets 25 arranged in an annular or ring shaped configuration in the periphery of the base 3. The air inlet stream flows through the cells of the stacks 9. The stacks 9 and ceramic spacers (which are not shown for clarity) prevent the air inlet stream from flowing directly into the interior space 24 without flowing though the stacks 9 first. The cathode (air) exhaust stream exits the stacks 9 into the space 24 between the stacks 9 and the outer ATO baffle 12. The cathode exhaust stream flows through opening(s) 18 below the outer ATO baffle 12 into the space 26 between the outer and inner ATO baffles 12, 14. The stack cathode exhaust stream mixes and reacts with the ATO fuel inlet stream provided from conduits 20 in space 26. The oxidation reaction provides heat to the stacks 9 via radiation and/or convection during system start-up and during steady state operation to provide sufficient heat for internal fuel reformation reaction in the stacks 9. The ATO exhaust (oxidized fuel) is then exhausted upwards through opening(s) 20 above the inner baffle 14 and downward through the central ATO exhaust conduit 27 into the heat exchanger 13 located in the chamber 5 below the base plate 7. While a specific ATO configuration is shown in FIGS. 1B and 1C, it should be understood that other configurations may also be used, such as configurations where the fluid streams follow a linear or tortuous path adjacent to oxidation catalyst coated members. For example, a cylinder may be located inside baffle 14 to limit the volume (and hence the amount) of fins and catalyst.

As shown in FIGS. 1A-1C, a fuel inlet line 29 is connected to a first inlet of the fuel heat exchanger 13. The plurality of fuel inlet conduits 21 are fluidly connected to a first outlet of the heat exchanger 13. The term “fluidly connected” means either directly connected or indirectly connected such that the fuel inlet stream flows from the heat exchanger 13 through one or more other components until it reaches each fuel inlet conduit 21. The plurality of fuel exhaust openings 23 are fluidly connected to a second inlet of the heat exchanger 13. A fuel exhaust line 31 is connected to a second outlet of the heat exchanger 13. An air inlet line 33 is connected to a third inlet of the heat exchanger 13. If desired, an optional air by-pass conduit may be provided which diverts some or all of the air inlet stream from the air inlet line 33 around the heat exchanger 13. Thus, the by-pass conduit may connect the air inlet line 33 directly to the stack 9 air inlet. The amount of air provided into the by-pass conduit can be controlled by flow regulator, such as a computer or operator controlled valve. The plurality of air inlet conduits 25 in the base are fluidly connected to a third outlet of the heat exchanger 13. The central air/ATO exhaust conduit 27 is fluidly connected to a fourth inlet of the heat exchanger 13. An air/ATO exhaust line 35 is connected to a fourth outlet of the heat exchanger 13. If desired, the heat exchanger 13 may have separate air and ATO exhaust lines (i.e., some or all of the hot air exhaust may bypass the ATO, which can instead use fresh inlet air for the oxidation reaction).

Preferably, the base 3 and the shell 11 are also used to provide an electrical connection from the stacks 9 to the power conditioning equipment. For example, the upper surface 7 of the base 3 may contain a plurality of electrical contacts 41 such as negative or ground electrical contacts. Each contact 41 is located where a bottom end plate of a fuel cell stack 9 would touch the base plate 7 (i.e., the upper surface) of the base 3. Each negative or ground electrode or end plate of each fuel cell stack 9 is electrically connected to one of the plurality of electrical contacts 41. The base 3 also contains a common electrical bus 43, such as a negative or ground bus, which is electrically connected to the fuel cells 9 through the contacts 41.

The shell 11 contains at least one other electrical bus 45, such as a separate electrical bus 45 for each stack 9. The bus 45 has a different polarity than the polarity of the common electrical bus 43. For example, the shell 11 may have a plurality of positive buses 45. A positive electrode or end plate of a fuel cell stack 9 is electrically connected to a respective positive electrical bus 45 extending from the shell 11.

The positive electrode or end plate of each fuel cell stack 9 may be electrically connected to the respective positive electrical bus 45 using any suitable contact or electrical connection. For example, as shown in FIG. 1B, an upper interior surface of the shell 11 contains a plurality of electrically conductive pressure members 47. The pressure members 47 on the shell 11 are aligned with the stack 9 positions over the contacts 41 on the upper surface 7 of the base 3. Each pressure member 47 removably holds at least one fuel cell stack 9 between the shell 11 and the upper surface 7 of the base 3. The positive electrode or end plate of each fuel cell stack 9 is electrically connected to the positive electrical bus 45 through a respective pressure member 47. The pressure member 47 may be a flexible bar, plate or spring which puts a downward pressure on the stack 9 to keep the stack 9 firmly against the electrical contact 41 on the upper surface 7 of the base. When the shell 11 is pushed down to close the module 1, the pressure member flexes to press the stack 9 into place on the base 3. When the shell 11 is removed to service or repair the module, the pressure member releases the stack 9.

Preferably, but not necessarily, each stack 9 or each pair of stacks 9 are connected to a separate DC/DC converter unit of the power conditioning system. For example, one electrical input/output of each stack in each pair of stacks may be connected in series and the other electrical input/output of each stack in each pair of stacks provides a respective positive and negative voltage inputs into the respective DC/DC converter unit. Preferably, but not necessarily, the fuel cell stacks (i.e., fuel cell stack columns) may be arranged in a multiple of six to simplify power conditioning, as described in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 11/797,707 and 11/707,708, filed on May 5, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Thus, each module may have 6, 12, 18, 24, etc. stacks 9. For example, the module 1 shown in FIGS. 1C to 1E contains twelve stacks 9. Each set of four stacks may be connected to one respective phase output of a three phase AC output, as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/797,707.

Thus, in a system comprising a plurality of modules, each module 1 may be electrically disconnected, removed from the fuel cell system and/or serviced or repaired without stopping an operation of the other modules 1 in the fuel cell system. In other words, each module 1 may be electrically disconnected, removed from the fuel cell system and/or serviced or repaired while the other modules 1 continue to operate to generate electricity. Thus, the entire fuel cell system does not have to be shut down when one stack 9 malfunctions or is taken off line for servicing.

When one module 1 is taken off line (i.e., it is turned off to be removed, repaired or serviced), while the other modules 1 continue to operate, the flow of fuel to the module 1 which is taken off line should be stopped. This may be accomplished by placing valve in each fuel inlet line 29. The valve may be turned off manually or electronically to stop the flow of fuel through a given fuel inlet line 29, while the fuel continues to flow through the other fuel inlet lines 29 to the other modules 1.

The second embodiment of the invention provides an alternative module configuration in which the ATO exhaust stream is used to heat the fuel heat exchanger. If desired, the fuel heat exchanger 13 may be combined with a reformer 37 by providing reformer catalyst into the fuel inlet conduit of the heat exchanger 13 to form a combined heat exchanger/reformer 137. Alternatively, the external reformer 37 may be omitted and all of the reformation may be conducted internally at the fuel cell anodes.

FIG. 1F illustrates a portion of an exemplary module 101 according to the second embodiment. The same element numbers refer to the same components in FIG. 1F as in FIGS. 1A-1E. Thus, some module components shown in FIGS. 1A-1E as well as in FIG. 1F will not be described again with respect to FIG. 1F. In module 101, the fuel heat exchanger 13 (or combined fuel heat exchanger/reformer 137) is thermally integrated with the ATO exhaust conduit 27. For example, the ATO exhaust conduit 27 may be provided sufficiently close to the heat exchanger 13 or heat exchanger/reformer 137 to allow the hot ATO exhaust stream to heat the fuel inlet stream in device 13 or 137. Preferably, but not necessarily, the ATO exhaust conduit 27 and the device 13 or 137 share at least one wall 28 such that heat is transmitted by conduction through the common wall 28.

Preferably, but not necessarily, the module 101 comprises a series of concentric shells, with the heat exchanger 13 or heat exchanger/reformer 137 located in the middle portion of the module 101, the ATO 10 (which comprises catalyst coated baffles 12 and 14) surrounds the device 13 or 137, the stacks 9 surround the ATO 10 and the air heat exchanger 203 surrounds the stacks 9 (i.e., the outer wall of the air heat exchanger 203 may comprise the outer shell 11 of the module 101). While only one stack 9 is shown in FIG. 1F for clarity, it should be understood that the stacks 9 may be arranged in a roughly circular, polygonal (including rectangular), oval and other configurations shown for example in FIGS. 1C to 1E. Thus, in the module 101 of FIG. 1F, the heat exchangers 13 and 203 are arranged above the base 3 together with the stacks 9 instead of being arranged in the base as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. This allows the fuel inlet stream in device 13 or 137 to be heated by the hot ATO exhaust stream in conduit 27 and allows the air inlet stream in air inlet conduit 25 to be heated by convention and/or radiation from the stacks 9.

As shown in FIG. 1F, the fuel inlet conduit 29, the fuel exhaust conduit 23B, the air inlet conduit 33 and the ATO exhaust conduit 119 (which will be described in more detail with respect to FIGS. 2B and 2C below), are arranged at the top of the module 101. However, some or all of these conduits may be arranged at the side and/or bottom of the module.

Preferably, the fuel heat exchanger 13 comprises a concentric shell heat exchanger, with the fuel inlet conduit 29 comprising the outer shell which shares a common wall 28 with ATO exhaust conduit 27, while the fuel exhaust conduit 23B is located in the middle portion of device 13. The conduits 29 and 23B may comprise concentric cylinders having a circular cross section or they may comprise non-circular cross sectional shapes, such as an oval or polygonal shape. Alternatively, device 13 may comprise other configurations, such as parallel plate type heat exchanger in which the fuel inlet conduit 29 shares one wall 28 with ATO exhaust conduit 27 and shares another wall with the fuel exhaust conduit 23B. If the reformer 37 is integrated into device 13 to form a combined heat exchanger/reformer 137, then a reformer catalyst coating may be provided onto fins 38 or other protrusions or grooves in conduit 29 in device 137. If desired, the device 137 may also include an insert 40, such as a roughly cylindrical shaped insert 40 located in the middle of the interior of device 137. The insert 40 which creates a flow plenum to force the gas passing through the device 137 to contact the catalyst coated fins 38 located in the peripheral portion of device 137. The insert 40 may have tapered upper and lower portions to enhance the gas flow to the fins 38 in the peripheral portion of device 137.

The module 101 operates as follows. The fuel inlet stream is provided into device 13 or 137 through conduit 29. The fuel inlet stream is heated in device 13 or 137 by both the fuel exhaust stream passing through conduit 23B and by the ATO exhaust stream passing through conduit 27. Thus, conduit 29 may be sandwiched or located between conduits 23B and 27 and may share one or more common walls with conduits 23B and 27. If the reformer catalyst is present in the fuel heat exchanger 137, then the fuel inlet stream is also reformed in device 137. The heated fuel inlet stream is then provided to the stacks 9 through conduit(s) 21 passing through the base 3. The fuel exhaust stream exits the stacks 9 via conduit(s) 23A and enters the device 13/137 where it heats the fuel inlet stream.

The air inlet stream enters the air heat exchanger 203 via the air inlet conduit 33. The air inlet stream is heated by the ATO exhaust stream in the tail portion of conduit 27 which passes through the air heat exchanger 203. The air inlet stream then enters the stacks 9 (external air manifolding is shown in FIG. 1F; however, internal air manifolding can also be used). The stack air (cathode) exhaust is then provided into space 24 located next to the ATO 10. The cathode exhaust stream is then provided into the ATO 10 where it mixes with at least a portion of the fuel exhaust stream (anode tail gas) and/or fresh fuel from inlet 22 to oxidize the fuel exhaust stream and generate heat. The ATO exhaust stream is provided through conduit 27 where it first heats the fuel inlet stream in adjacent device 13/137 and where it subsequently heats the air inlet stream in device 203. The ATO exhaust stream exits module 101 via conduit 119.

The third embodiment of the invention provides a multi-stream heat exchanger 13/reformer 37 where more than two fluid streams exchange heat in the same device and where a hydrocarbon fuel stream is reformed into a reformate. Thus, a single multi-stream heat exchanger can replace multiple separate heat exchangers and reformers, such as separate air and fuel heat exchangers and a separate external reformer, used in prior art systems. The multi-stream heat exchanger allows for the same amount of heat exchange as separate fuel and air heat exchangers, but with a smaller amount of heat transfer area due to more uniform temperature differences between the hot streams and cold streams. The reformer 37 is physically integrated into the multi-stream heat exchanger 13 such that the heat of the fuel cell stack 9 anode exhaust stream and/or ATO 10 exhaust stream provides heat for a hydrocarbon fuel to hydrogen and carbon monoxide fuel reformation reaction, such as a steam-methane reformation (“SMR”) reaction.

The multi-stream heat exchanger 13 may serve as a base or be located in the base 3 for building the hot box of the fuel cell system. Thus, the multi-stream heat exchanger 13 lowers the center of gravity of the module 1 and makes the module more stable. The use of a single multi-stream heat exchanger 13 reduces the number of air flow controls in the system from two to one. The ATO air flow control may be eliminated. It makes the system integration simpler by reducing the amount of additional plumbing. Furthermore, the multi-stream heat exchanger 13 increases the efficiency of the system, facilitating better heat transfer, removing pinch points and reducing the parasitic losses, including the gain from the elimination of the ATO air blower. Finally, the multi-stream heat exchanger 13 allows the use of a combination of low and high temperature materials in zones 15 and 17 to reduce the cost of the device.

FIG. 2A illustrates a process flow diagram for a fuel cell system 100 containing one or more modules 1 of the second embodiment. One module 1 is shown for clarity in FIG. 2A. The system 100 contains the plurality of the fuel cell stacks 9, such as a solid oxide fuel cell stacks (where one solid oxide fuel cell of the stack contains a ceramic electrolyte, such as yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) or scandia stabilized zirconia (SSZ), an anode electrode, such as a nickel-YSZ or Ni-SSZ cermet, and a cathode electrode, such as lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM)). The module 1 is represented as a hot box which may comprise the combination of the base 3 and the shell 11, as shown in FIG. 1B. As noted above, the heat exchanger 37 may be physically integrated into the heat exchanger 13.

The system 100 also contains a steam generator 103. The steam generator 103 is provided with water through conduit 30A from a water source 104, such as a water tank or a water pipe, and converts the water to steam. The steam is provided from generator 103 to mixer 105 through conduit 30B and is mixed with the stack anode (fuel) recycle stream in the mixer 105. The mixer 105 may be located inside or outside the hot box of the module 1. Preferably, the humidified anode exhaust stream is combined with the fuel inlet stream in the fuel inlet line or conduit 29 downstream of the mixer 105, as schematically shown in FIG. 2A. Alternatively, if desired, the fuel inlet stream may also be provided directly into the mixer 105, or the steam may be provided directly into the fuel inlet stream and/or the anode exhaust stream may be provided directly into the fuel inlet stream followed by humidification of the combined fuel streams, as shown in FIGS. 1C, 1D and 1E.

The steam generator 103 may be heated by a separate heater and/or by the hot ATO exhaust stream which is passed in heat exchange relationship with the steam generator 103. If the steam generator 103 is physically incorporated into the heat exchanger 13, then the steam generator may also be heated by the anode exhaust stream in the heat exchanger. The steam generator 103 may be physically located in the hot box, such as inside the chamber 5 of the base 3. Alternatively, the steam generator 103 may be located outside the hot box of the module 1. Thus, as shown in FIG. 1C, if the steam generator 103 is located in the hot box of the module, then water is provided from the water source 104 through conduit 30. If the steam generator 103 is located outside of the hot box of the module, then steam is provided from the water source 104 through conduit 30.

The system 100 also contains a splitter 107, a water trap 109 and a catalytic partial pressure oxidation (CPOx) reactor 111. The system operates as follows. The inlet fuel stream, such as a hydrocarbon stream, for example natural gas, is provided into the fuel inlet conduit 29 and through the CPOx reactor 111. During system start up, air is also provided into the CPOx reactor 111 to catalytically partially oxidize the fuel inlet stream. During steady state system operation, the air flow is turned off and the CPOx reactor acts as a fuel passage way in which the fuel is not partially oxidized. Thus, the system 100 may comprise only one fuel inlet conduit which provides fuel in both start-up and steady state modes through the CPOx reactor 111. Therefore a separate fuel inlet conduit which bypasses the CPOx reactor during steady state operation is not required.

The fuel inlet stream is provided into the multi-stream heat exchanger 13/reformer 37 where its temperature is raised by heat exchange with the ATO exhaust stream and the stack anode (fuel) exhaust streams. The fuel inlet stream is reformed in the reformer section 37 of the heat exchanger via the SMR reaction and the reformed fuel inlet stream (which includes hydrogen, carbon monoxide, water vapor and unreformed methane) is provided into the stacks 9 through the fuel inlets 21. The fuel inlet stream travels upwards through the stacks through fuel inlet risers in the stacks 9 and is oxidized in the stacks 9 during electricity generation. The oxidized fuel (i.e., the anode or fuel exhaust stream) travels down the stacks 9 through the fuel exhaust risers and is then exhausted from the stacks through the fuel exhaust opening 23 into the heat exchanger 13.

In the heat exchanger 13, the anode exhaust stream heats the fuel inlet stream and the air inlet stream via heat exchange. The anode exhaust stream is then provided via the fuel exhaust conduit 31 into a splitter 107. A first portion of the anode exhaust stream is provided from the splitter 107 into the water trap 109. In the water trap 109, the water is removed from the anode exhaust stream and the removed water is stored or drained via drain 112. The remaining anode exhaust stream may be provided from the water trap 109 into the ATO 10 via conduit 113. The anode exhaust stream may be provided with fresh fuel, such as natural gas from conduit 115 into the ATO 10 through fuel inlets 22 as a combined ATO fuel inlet stream.

A second portion of the anode exhaust stream is recycled from the splitter 107 into the fuel inlet stream. For example, the second portion of the anode exhaust stream is recycled through conduit 117 by a blower (not shown in FIG. 2A) into the mixer 105. The anode exhaust stream is humidified in the mixer 105 by mixing with the steam provided from the steam generator 103. The humidified anode exhaust stream is then provided from the mixer 105 into the fuel inlet conduit 29 where it mixes with the fuel inlet stream.

The air inlet stream is provided by a blower (not shown) from the air inlet conduit 33 into the heat exchanger 13. The blower may comprise the single air flow controller for the entire system. In the heat exchanger, the air inlet stream is heated by the ATO exhaust stream and the anode exhaust stream via heat exchange. The heated air inlet stream is then provided into the module through the air inlets 25. The air passes through the stacks 9 into the ATO 10. In the ATO 10, the air exhaust stream oxidizes the ATO fuel inlet stream to generate an ATO exhaust stream. The ATO exhaust stream is exhausted through the ATO exhaust conduit 27 into the heat exchanger 13. The ATO exhaust stream heats the fuel and air inlet streams in the heat exchanger 13 via heat exchange. The ATO exhaust stream (which is still above room temperature) is provided from the heat exchanger 13 to the steam generator 103 via conduit 119. The heat from the ATO exhaust stream is used to convert the water into steam via heat exchange in the steam generator 103. The ATO exhaust stream is then removed from the system via conduit 35. If the steam generator 103 is physically integrated into the heat exchanger 13, then conduit 119 can be omitted and the steam generation takes place in the heat exchanger 13. Thus, by controlling the air inlet blower output (i.e., power or speed), the magnitude (i.e., volume, pressure, speed, etc.) of air introduced into the system may be controlled. The cathode (air) exhaust stream is used as the ATO air inlet stream, thus eliminating the need for a separate ATO air inlet controller or blower. Furthermore, since the ATO exhaust stream is used to heat the air and fuel inlet streams, the control of the single air inlet stream in conduit 33 can be used to control the temperature of the stacks 9 and the ATO 10. If the air by-pass conduit is present, then this conduit enhances the ability to control the stack 9 and ATO 10 temperature by controlling the amount of air provided into the heat exchanger 13 compared to the amount of air provided directly into the stacks 9 through the by-pass conduit.

FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate the fluid flows though an exemplary five zone heat exchanger 13. The zones are labeled Z1 to Z5 in FIG. 4. It should be noted that the heat exchanger 13 may have less than five zones, such as one to four zones or more than five zones, such as six to ten zones. The heat exchanger may be a counterflow, a co-flow or a combination thereof heat exchanger type having a plate and fin or other suitable configuration. Furthermore, the order of fluid flow introduction and the flow stream temperatures described below are exemplary and may be changed depending on the specific system configuration.

The cold air inlet stream enters zone 1 of the heat exchanger at about room temperature from conduit 33 and is heated by the hot anode exhaust stream. The anode exhaust stream gives up some of its heat and exits as warm anode exhaust stream (at a temperature of about 100 C, for example) into conduit 31.

The warmed air inlet stream (at a temperature of about 100 C) is provided from zone 1 into zone 2 of the heat exchanger. The relatively cold fuel inlet stream (which has been warmed to about 100 C by the addition of the steam from the steam generator and of the recycled anode exhaust stream from conduit 117) is also provided from conduit 29 into zone 2 of the heat exchanger. The air and fuel inlet streams are not mixed but flow through different respective channels in zone 2 separated by the heat exchanger plates, or in separate channels of a single heat exchanger plate. The air and fuel inlet streams are heated by the hot anode exhaust stream in zone 2 via heat exchange across the heat exchanger plates.

The warmed air and fuel inlet streams (at a temperature of about 150 C) are provided into zone 3 of the heat exchanger 13. The hot anode exhaust stream also first enters the heat exchanger 13 in zone 3 at a temperature of about 80° C. The air and fuel inlet streams are heated by the hot anode exhaust stream and by the hot ATO exhaust stream in zone 3 via heat exchange across the heat exchanger plates. The anode and ATO exhaust streams are not mixed but flow through different respective channels in zone 3 separated by the heat exchanger plates. After exchanging heat, the warm ATO exhaust stream exits the heat exchanger 13 in zone 3 into conduit 119 at a temperature of about 300 C. The ATO exhaust stream is then used to generate steam in the steam generator 103. As can be seen from FIGS. 3 and 4, zone 3 may be the largest or longest zone of the heat exchanger 3 (i.e., the zone with the longest fluid flow channel length) where the fluid streams spend the longest time of any zone in the heat exchanger.

The further warmed air and fuel inlet streams (at a temperature of about 600 C) are provided into zone 4 of the heat exchanger 13. The air and fuel inlet streams are heated by the hot ATO exhaust stream in zone 4 via heat exchange across the heat exchanger plates. The warmed up air inlet stream exits the heat exchanger 13 in zone 4 into conduits 25 at a temperature of about 650 C to be provided into the fuel cell stacks 9.

The further warmed fuel inlet stream (at a temperature of about 650 C) is provided into zone 5 of the heat exchanger 13. The ATO exhaust stream first enters the heat exchanger 13 in zone 5 from conduit 27 at a temperature of about 875 C. The fuel inlet stream is heated by the hot ATO exhaust stream in zone 5 via heat exchange across the heat exchanger plates. The warmed up fuel inlet stream exits the heat exchanger 13 in zone 5 into conduits 21 at a temperature of about 750 C to be provided into the fuel cell stacks 9 (and/or into the reformer 37 if a separate reformer is present).

As shown in FIG. 3, a gap due to an about 1% heat exchanger leak is assumed. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 3, the hot streams (ATO and anode exhaust streams) are maintained at about the same temperature as each other in each zone where they are both present. Likewise, the cold streams (air and fuel inlet streams) are maintained at about the same temperature as each other in each zone where they are both present. Finally, the global pinch point is shown in FIG. 3 if the heat exchanger 13 is designed based on pinch technology.

With respect to FIG. 1B, the low temperature portion 15 of the heat exchanger 13 may correspond to zones 1 and 2 (and optionally an adjacent portion of zone 3) shown in FIG. 4, while the high temperature portion 17 of the heat exchanger 13 may correspond to zones 4 and 5 (and optionally an adjacent portion of zone 3) shown in FIG. 4. For example, the reformer catalyst may be provided into the fuel inlet stream conduits in zones 3, 4 and/or 5 to integrate the reformer 37 into the heat exchanger 13. If desired, the steam generator 103 may optionally be integrated into the existing zones of the heat exchanger or they may be added as additional zones.

FIG. 2B illustrates a schematic of a system 200 according to another embodiment of the invention in which the single multi-stream heat exchanger 13/reformer 37 is replaced with separate heat exchangers. The commonly numbered elements which are common to both system 100 of FIG. 2A and system 200 of FIG. 2B will not be described again for the sake of brevity. As shown in FIG. 2B, the multi-stream heat exchanger 13/reformer 37 is replaced with a fuel heat exchanger 137, an air heat exchanger 203 and an optional air preheater heat exchanger 205. The fuel heat exchanger 137 contains the reformation catalyst and functions as both a heat exchanger and a reformer.

The system 200 shown in FIG. 2B operates similarly to the system 100 shown in FIG. 2A. However, in the system 200, the air inlet stream in conduit 33 is first provided into the optional air preheater heat exchanger 205 where the air inlet stream is preheated by the fuel (anode) exhaust stream. The terms fuel exhaust and anode exhaust are used interchangeably herein with respect to solid oxide fuel cell stacks. The preheated air inlet stream is then provided into the air heat exchanger 203 where it is heated by the ATO 10 exhaust stream from conduit 27. The ATO exhaust stream is then provided from the air heat exchanger 203 via conduit 119 to the steam generator 103. The hydrocarbon fuel inlet stream is provided via the fuel inlet conduit 29 into the fuel heat exchanger/reformer 137. The fuel inlet stream is reformed in the reformer catalyst containing portion of the device 137 while being heated by the fuel exhaust stream. The reformed fuel inlet stream is then provided into the fuel cell stack(s) 9 via conduit 21. The fuel exhaust stream is provided form the stack(s) 9 into the fuel heat exchanger/reformer 137 via conduit 23A. The fuel exhaust stream is then provided from the fuel heat exchanger/reformer 137 via conduit 23B into the optional air preheater heat exchanger 205. The fuel exhaust stream is then provided from the air preheater heat exchanger 205 via conduit 31 into the splitter 107.

FIG. 2C illustrates a system 300 in which the ATO 10 exhaust stream is used to heat the fuel inlet stream passing through at least one of the fuel heat exchanger 13, the external reformer 37 or a combined fuel heat exchanger/reformer 137. Preferably, the ATO 10 exhaust is also used to heat the air inlet stream after it was used to heat the fuel inlet stream. For example, the module 101 shown in FIG. 1F may be used in system 300 to accomplish such heating. As shown in FIG. 2C, the ATO exhaust conduit 27 shares at least one wall 28 and/or passes near device 13, 37 or 137 to heat the fuel inlet stream by conduction or convection. Otherwise, all other elements in FIG. 2C are the same as those shown in FIG. 2B.

FIG. 5 shows a configuration of the reformer of the type described in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/730,529, filed on Apr. 2, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference, except that in the present case, the reformer section 37 is located in a heat exchanger. The reformer section 37 comprises two segments. For example, the leading segment 37A (i.e., the segment where the fuel enters the reformer section) and trailing segment 37B (the segment where the fuel exits the reformer) of the heat exchanger may contain different catalysts to allow the system to operate on low hydrocarbon fuels, such as natural gas or methane, and high hydrocarbon fuels, such as jet fuel, etc. The leading segment may comprise rhodium and the trailing segment may comprise nickel.

The reformer section 37 may also have other catalyst distributions or configurations. For example, the leading segment 37A nearest to the fuel inlet conduit 29 contains less nickel for reforming a high hydrocarbon fuel, such as diesel, and a trailing segment 37B contains more nickel than the leading segment for reforming low hydrocarbon fuel, such as natural gas or methane. The trailing segment is connected to a reformed fuel outlet conduit 21. The leading segment 37A contains a lower amount and/or concentration of nickel than the trailing segment 37B. The reformer section 37 may comprise a housing and one or more catalyst coated inserts or catalyst coated fins to form the above described low and high nickel segments. The actual nickel amount and/or concentration in each segment can be optimized based on the actual fuel that will be used, the system geometry, temperature and other variables. The reaction kinetics of higher hydrocarbons reforming to methane is faster than the reaction kinetics of methane reforming to produce syngas. Furthermore, the reformer section 37 can also be used together with internal reforming type fuel cells, to allow more methane slippage either by reducing the number of inserts or reducing the coated area of nickel catalyst.

While a sharp, single step interface is shown in FIG. 5 between segments 37A and 37B, the nickel amount or concentration may be graded such that it increases monotonically or in plural steps from the inlet into segment 37A to the outlet in segment 37B. Thus, a sharp, single step interface between the segments is not required. Therefore, in one configuration, the section of the contains a graded composition increasing monotonically or in steps from segment 37A to segment 37B, with less nickel at the leading edge of segment 37A and more nickel at the trailing edge of segment 37B. The rhodium stabilizing catalyst amount or concentration may be substantially constant throughout the reformer section of the multi-stream heat exchanger, such that the leading and trailing segments contain substantially equal amounts of rhodium.

In another configuration, the reformer section 37 contains a constant nickel amount or concentration throughout its length, such that the leading and trailing segments contain substantially equal amounts of nickel. However, in this configuration, the reformer section contains more rhodium in segment 37A than in segment 37B. The rhodium amount or concentration may decrease from segment 37A to segment 37B in a stepwise fashion (single step or multiple steps) or it may be monotonically graded, such that segment 37A contains a higher amount or concentration of rhodium than segment 37B.

In another configuration, the content of both nickel and rhodium varies between segment 37A and segment 37B. The nickel content increases in one or more steps or monotonically from segment 37A to segment 37B while the rhodium content decreases in one or more steps or monotonically from segment 37A to segment 37B. Thus, the leading segment 37A of the reformer section contains a higher amount or concentration of the rhodium catalyst than the trailing segment 37B, and the leading segment 37A of the reformer section contains a lower amount or concentration of the nickel catalyst than the trailing segment 37B. For higher hydrocarbon fuels, such as JP5 or diesel, a reformer containing a combination of graded nickel and rhodium increasing in the opposite directions along the reaction path may be used.

The reformer section 37 may optionally be connected to both high and low hydrocarbon fuel sources. The high hydrocarbon fuel source may comprise a diesel or jet fuel tank. The low hydrocarbon fuel source may comprise a natural gas line or a fuel storage tank, such as a natural gas, methane, ethanol, etc. storage tank. A valve or other switching mechanism in the fuel inlet conduit 29 switches the type of fuel being provided to the reformer section 37. The valve may be controlled by a computer or control system or manually by an operator.

A method of using the reformer section 37 includes providing the high hydrocarbon fuel into the reformer section, such that the fuel passes through the leading segment 37A before the trailing segment 37B. The fuel is thereby reformed into a reformate. The method further includes providing the reformate of the high hydrocarbon fuel into a fuel cell stack. The method further includes providing a low hydrocarbon fuel into the reformer section, such that the fuel passes through the leading segment before the trailing segment. The fuel is reformed in the reformer section into a reformate. The method also includes providing the reformate of the low hydrocarbon fuel into the fuel cell stack. Of course the order of providing the high and low hydrocarbon fuel into the reformer section may be reversed and it is expected that the fuels may be switched several times during the operation and/or lifetime of the reformer.

The hybrid reformer allows the fuel cell system to operate on different fuels, such as higher and lower hydrocarbon fuels and provides fuel flexibility including all liquid and gaseous fuels. There is no need for having two sets of reformers depending on the application. This reduces the reformer and system cost.

Thus, at least a portion of the fuel heat exchanger (i.e., a multi-stream or two stream heat exchanger in which the fuel inlet stream exchanges heat with one of the other exhaust streams from the system) acts as a pre-reformer or as reformer where partial or full reformation is performed. The fuel (anode) exhaust stream will leave the heat exchanger/reformer at a reasonable temperature so that additional fuel exhaust stream heat exchanger, such as an anode cooler can be omitted from the system. Furthermore, by using anode exhaust stream recycling and pre reformation, coking can be reduced or eliminated.

The fuel cell systems described herein may have other embodiments and configurations, as desired. Other components may be added if desired, as described, for example, in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/300,021, filed on Nov. 20, 2002, in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/656,006 filed on Jan. 22, 2007, in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/461,190, filed on Apr. 9, 2003, and in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/446,704, filed on May 29, 2003 all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Furthermore, it should be understood that any system element or method step described in any embodiment and/or illustrated in any figure herein may also be used in systems and/or methods of other suitable embodiments described above, even if such use is not expressly described.

The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. The description was chosen in order to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto, and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A fuel cell system, comprising: at least one fuel cell stack; an anode tail gas oxidizer (ATO); an ATO exhaust conduit; and at least one device selected from a fuel heat exchanger, an external reformer, or a fuel heat exchanger containing a fuel reformation catalyst; wherein the at least one device is thermally integrated with the ATO exhaust conduit such that in operation an ATO exhaust stream in the ATO exhaust conduit heats a fuel inlet stream passing through the at least one device; wherein the at least one device comprises the fuel heat exchanger containing a fuel reformation catalyst; and wherein the fuel heat exchanger is connected to a fuel exhaust conduit which in operation provides a fuel exhaust stream from the at least one fuel cell stack to the fuel heat exchanger, and the at least one fuel cell stack comprises at least one SOFC stack.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the fuel heat exchanger shares at least one wall with the ATO exhaust conduit.
 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a hydrocarbon fuel source connected to the fuel inlet conduit. 